12月25日前后,我们所跟踪的32个果园汇报了这一年整体的病虫害发生和农事管理情况,经总结归纳,情况如下:
表24-1 2016年苹果园的病害发生情况及果品损失率
编号
|
病 害 种 类
|
果品损失率(%)
|
汇报日期
|
腐烂病
|
轮纹病
|
炭疽叶枯病
|
早期落叶病
|
褐斑病
|
锈病
|
白粉病
|
套袋果实黑点病
|
霉心病
|
黄叶病
|
小叶病
|
苦痘病
|
根腐病
|
其他病害
|
101
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
4
|
1212
|
102
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
10
|
1222
|
108
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
1
|
1228
|
109
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
无
|
1228
|
201
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
20
|
1222
|
202
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
无
|
1220
|
203
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
5
|
1224
|
301
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
1
|
1221
|
303
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
1
|
1228
|
304
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
8-10
|
1225
|
305
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
1
|
1228
|
307
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
无
|
1228
|
314
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
无
|
1228
|
316
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
无
|
1228
|
323
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
0.5
|
1225
|
325
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
11.38
|
1228
|
326
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
11.38
|
1228
|
401
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
1
|
1225
|
402
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
3.5
|
1225
|
403
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
1
|
1229
|
404
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
1
|
1229
|
501
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
3
|
1220
|
506
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
2
|
1228
|
601
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
9
|
1224
|
602
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
0.2
|
1225
|
610
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
1.5
|
1214
|
701
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
0.5
|
1229
|
704
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
5
|
1228
|
801
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
3.5
|
1222
|
802
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
2.5
|
1222
|
803
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
0
|
1225
|
901
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
2
|
1228
|
注:果品损失率处标注“无”的为尚未结果的果园。
12月下旬,我们对各个果园整年的病害发生情况进行了一个简单的统计。从表20-1可以看出,腐烂病、轮纹病、白粉病和褐斑病这几种病害发生的果园比较多,应该是今后重点防控的对象。山东省的201号果园,河北省的325号、326号果园果品损失率较高,其余的果园果品损失率均在10%以下。除表内所列举的几种病害外,部分果园还有病毒病,日灼病等的发生。
表24-2 2016年苹果园的虫害发生情况及果品损失率
编号
|
害 虫 种 类
|
果品损失率(%)
|
调查日期
|
山楂叶螨
|
全爪螨
|
二斑叶螨
|
黄蚜
|
绵蚜
|
瘤蚜
|
金纹细蛾
|
食心虫
|
棉铃虫
|
绿盲蝽
|
金龟子
|
卷叶蛾
|
其他害虫
|
101
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
0
|
1212
|
102
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
0
|
1222
|
108
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
1
|
1228
|
109
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
无
|
1228
|
201
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
0
|
1222
|
202
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
无
|
1220
|
203
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
1
|
1224
|
301
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
1
|
1221
|
303
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
1
|
1228
|
304
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
5
|
1225
|
305
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
1
|
1228
|
307
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
无
|
1228
|
314
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
无
|
1228
|
316
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
无
|
1228
|
323
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
0.5
|
1225
|
325
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
1.6
|
1228
|
326
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
1.6
|
1228
|
401
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
0.3
|
1225
|
402
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
0.9
|
1225
|
403
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
1
|
1229
|
404
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
1
|
1229
|
501
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
5
|
1220
|
506
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
2
|
1229
|
601
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
2
|
1224
|
602
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
0
|
1225
|
610
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
1
|
1214
|
701
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
0.05
|
1229
|
704
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
5
|
1228
|
801
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
2.5
|
1222
|
802
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
1.5
|
1222
|
803
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
✔
|
✔
|
—
|
0
|
1225
|
901
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
✔
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
0
|
1228
|
注:果品损失率处标注“无”的为园内未结果。
从表24-2的虫害发生情况统计表中可以看出,黄蚜和卷叶蛾发生情况最多,与病害相比,虫害造成的果品损失率相对较低。
12月是果树的休眠期,果园管理主要进行清园和涂白等工作。以下是一些果园汇报的管理情况。
表24-3 所跟踪果园2016年12月份的农事管理
果园编号
|
省份
|
农事管理
|
201
|
山东
|
12月3日至8日全园带叶割大枝,剪锯口涂抹药剂;12月10日全园进行喷灌浇水
|
202
|
山东
|
12月2日至3日对部分树干涂白,试验不同涂抹剂的保护效果
|
304
|
河北
|
11月26日全园进行漫灌浇水;12月不定时进行清园,浇冻水和果实品质测定工作
|
401
|
河南
|
12月25日全园沟施复合肥
|
402
|
河南
|
12月25日全园沟施复合肥
|
501
|
山西
|
11月26日至12月3日果园进行涂干(石硫合剂混合液)
|
602
|
陕西
|
12月20日左右进行清园、涂干和浇水等工作
|
610
|
陕西
|
12月份分别进行了清理果园树叶病烧毁,检测果园腐烂病并刮治树干刷石硫合剂等工作
|
801
|
四川
|
11月27日进行清园工作;11月30日全园进行滴灌浇水
|
802
|
四川
|
11月26日进行清园工作;11月29日全园进行滴灌浇水
|
803
|
四川
|
12月5日全园沟施农家肥
|
从表24-3可看出,有11个果园在12月中下旬进行了农事管理,主要是清园和涂白等工作。
表24-4 所跟踪果园2016年12月份的果品销售情况
果园编号
|
省份
|
产量及果品销售
|
201
|
山东
|
12月份“80果”销售价格4.3元/斤,“红孩儿”品种销售价格7元/斤
|
301
|
河北
|
12月份“80果”销售价格2元/斤
|
304
|
河北
|
12月份 “80果”销售价格3.99元/斤,“70果”销售价格1.99元/斤
|
316
|
河北
|
12月份 “80果”销售价格2元/斤,“70果”销售价格1元/斤
|
401
|
河南
|
12月份 “80果”销售价格0.8元/斤,“70果”销售价格0.5元/斤
|
501
|
山西
|
12月份 “80果”销售价格1.5元/斤,“70果”销售价格1元/斤
|
701
|
甘肃
|
12月份 “80果”销售价格2.5元/斤,“70果”销售价格2元/斤
|
从表24-4可看出,有7个果园在12月进行了果品销售,不同果园在销售价格上存在较大差异。
马上将进入2017年1月份,1月份是一年中最冷的月份,不建议此期进行修剪,因此时造成的伤口很难愈合,也很容易感染和诱发腐烂病。如果园区面积很大必须进行修剪的话,剪后要对伤口马上涂药进行保护,药剂可用菌清、甲硫萘乙酸等。为防止病毒病在株间的传播,建议每修剪完一棵树后对修剪工具要用专门的修剪工具消毒液进行消毒。
|